Wildlife Exposure Parameters: References
Food Ingestion Rate (kg dw/kg BW d)
Meadow Vole:
Male & Female -- 90th %ile of distribution for male and female calculated using allometric relationship of Nagy et al. (1999) and full distribution of body weights from EPA (2000). Table 4.1 in EPA draft ECO-SSL guidance (EPA. 2000. Ecological Soil Screening Level Guidance. DRAFT. Office of Emergency and Remedial Response, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C. 10 July 2000.) http://www.epa.gov/superfund/programs/risk/ecorisk/guidance.pdf
Nagy, K.A., I.A. Girard, and T.K. Brown. 1999. Energetics of free-ranging mammals, reptiles, and birds. Ann. Rev. Nutr. 19: 247-277.
Male – Calculated based on selected male body weight and FMR and FIR data from Nagy et al. (1999) and EPA Eco-SSL Guidance (EPA 2000 draft) for an herbivorous mammal.
Female – Calculated based on selected male body weight and FMR and FIR data from Nagy et al. (1999) and EPA Eco-SSL Guidance (EPA 2000 draft) for an herbivorous mammal.
Mourning Dove:
Male & Female -- 90th %ile of distribution for male and female calculated using allometric relationship of Nagy et al. (1999) and full distribution of body weights from EPA (2000). Table 4.1 in EPA draft ECO-SSL guidance (EPA. 2000. Ecological Soil Screening Level Guidance. DRAFT. Office of Emergency and Remedial Response, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C. 10 July 2000.) http://www.epa.gov/superfund/programs/risk/ecorisk/guidance.pdf
Nagy, K.A., I.A. Girard, and T.K. Brown. 1999. Energetics of free-ranging mammals, reptiles, and birds. Ann. Rev. Nutr. 19: 247-277.
Male – Calculated based on selected male body weight and FMR and FIR data from Nagy et al. (1999) and EPA Eco-SSL Guidance (EPA 2000 draft) for a granivorous bird.
Female – Calculated based on selected male body weight and FMR and FIR data from Nagy et al. (1999) and EPA Eco-SSL Guidance (EPA 2000 draft) for a granivorous bird.
Short-tailed Shrew:
Male & Female -- 90th %ile of distribution for male and female calculated using allometric relationship of Nagy et al. (1999) and full distribution of body weights from EPA (2000). Table 4.1 in EPA draft ECO-SSL guidance (EPA. 2000. Ecological Soil Screening Level Guidance. DRAFT. Office of Emergency and Remedial Response, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C. 10 July 2000.) http://www.epa.gov/superfund/programs/risk/ecorisk/guidance.pdf
Nagy, K.A., I.A. Girard, and T.K. Brown. 1999. Energetics of free-ranging mammals, reptiles, and birds. Ann. Rev. Nutr. 19: 247-277.
Male – Calculated based on selected male body weight and FMR and FIR data from Nagy et al. (1999) and EPA Eco-SSL Guidance (EPA 2000 draft) for an insectivorous mammal.
Female – Calculated based on selected male body weight and FMR and FIR data from Nagy et al. (1999) and EPA Eco-SSL Guidance (EPA 2000 draft) for an insectivorous mammal.
Long-tailed Weasel:
Male & Female -- 90th %ile of distribution for male and female calculated using allometric relationship of Nagy et al. (1999) and full distribution of body weights from EPA (2000). Table 4.1 in EPA draft ECO-SSL guidance (EPA. 2000. Ecological Soil Screening Level Guidance. DRAFT. Office of Emergency and Remedial Response, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C. 10 July 2000.) http://www.epa.gov/superfund/programs/risk/ecorisk/guidance.pdf
Nagy, K.A., I.A. Girard, and T.K. Brown. 1999. Energetics of free-ranging mammals, reptiles, and birds. Ann. Rev. Nutr. 19: 247-277.
Male – Calculated based on selected male body weight and FMR and FIR data from Nagy et al. (1999) and EPA Eco-SSL Guidance (EPA 2000 draft) for a carnivorous mammal.
Female – Calculated based on selected male body weight and FMR and FIR data from Nagy et al. (1999) and EPA Eco-SSL Guidance (EPA 2000 draft) for a carnivorous mammal.
American Woodcock:
Male & Female -- 90th %ile of distribution for male and female calculated using allometric relationship of Nagy et al. (1999) and full distribution of body weights from EPA (2000). Table 4.1 in EPA draft ECO-SSL guidance (EPA. 2000. Ecological Soil Screening Level Guidance. DRAFT. Office of Emergency and Remedial Response, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C. 10 July 2000.) http://www.epa.gov/superfund/programs/risk/ecorisk/guidance.pdf
Nagy, K.A., I.A. Girard, and T.K. Brown. 1999. Energetics of free-ranging mammals, reptiles, and birds. Ann. Rev. Nutr. 19: 247-277.
Male – Calculated based on selected male body weight and FMR and FIR data from Nagy et al. (1999) and EPA Eco-SSL Guidance (EPA 2000 draft) for an insectivorous bird.
Female – Calculated based on selected male body weight and FMR and FIR data from Nagy et al. (1999) and EPA Eco-SSL Guidance (EPA 2000 draft) for an insectivorous bird.
Red-tailed Hawk:
Male & Female -- 90th %ile of distribution for male and female calculated using allometric relationship of Nagy et al. (1999) and full distribution of body weights from EPA (2000). Table 4.1 in EPA draft ECO-SSL guidance (EPA. 2000. Ecological Soil Screening Level Guidance. DRAFT. Office of Emergency and Remedial Response, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C. 10 July 2000.) http://www.epa.gov/superfund/programs/risk/ecorisk/guidance.pdf
Nagy, K.A., I.A. Girard, and T.K. Brown. 1999. Energetics of free-ranging mammals, reptiles, and birds. Ann. Rev. Nutr. 19: 247-277.
Male – Calculated based on selected male body weight and FMR and FIR data from Nagy et al. (1999) and EPA Eco-SSL Guidance (EPA 2000 draft) for a carnivorous bird.
Female – Calculated based on selected male body weight and FMR and FIR data from Nagy et al. (1999) and EPA Eco-SSL Guidance (EPA 2000 draft) for a carnivorous bird.
Diet
Meadow Vole:
Male & Female – Diet for herbivorous mammal was assumed to be 100% plant material.
Male – Diet for herbivorous mammal was assumed to be 100% plant material.
Female – Diet for herbivorous mammal was assumed to be 100% plant material.
Mourning Dove:
Male & Female -- Diet for granivorous bird was assumed to be 100% plant material.
Male – Diet for granivorous bird was assumed to be 100% plant material.
Female – Diet for granivorous bird was assumed to be 100% plant material.
Short-tailed Shrew:
Male & Female -- Diet for insectivorous mammal was assumed to be 100% soil invertebrates.
Male – Diet for insectivorous mammal was assumed to be 100% soil invertebrates.
Female – Diet for insectivorous mammal was assumed to be 100% soil invertebrates.
Long-tailed Weasel:
Male & Female -- Diet for carnivorous mammal was assumed to be 100% small mammals.
Male – Diet for carnivorous mammal was assumed to be 100% small mammals.
Female – Diet for carnivorous mammal was assumed to be 100% small mammals.
American Woodcock:
Male & Female -- Diet for insectivorous bird was assumed to be 100% soil invertebrates.
Male – Diet for insectivorous bird was assumed to be 100% soil invertebrates.
Female – Diet for insectivorous bird was assumed to be 100% soil invertebrates.
Red-tailed Hawk:
Male & Female -- Diet for carnivorous bird was assumed to be 100% small mammals.
Male – Diet for carnivorous bird was assumed to be 100% small mammals.
Female – Diet for carnivorous bird was assumed to be 100% small mammals.
Soil Ingestion (as a fraction of total diet)
Meadow Vole:
Male & Female -- 90th %ile of Monte Carlo analyses distribution from draft EPA ECO-SSL Guidance based on Beyer et al. (1994) model. Table 4.1 in EPA draft ECO-SSL guidance (EPA. 2000. Ecological Soil Screening Level Guidance. DRAFT. Office of Emergency and Remedial Response, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C. 10 July 2000.) http://www.epa.gov/superfund/programs/risk/ecorisk/guidance.pdf
Beyer, W.N., E. Conner, and S. Gerould. 1994. Estimates of soil ingestion by wildlife. J. Wildl. Manage. 58: 375-382.
Male – Beyer, W.N., E. Conner, and S. Gerould. 1994. Estimates of soil ingestion by wildlife. J. Wildl. Manage. 58: 375-382.
Female – Beyer, W.N., E. Conner, and S. Gerould. 1994. Estimates of soil ingestion by wildlife. J. Wildl. Manage. 58: 375-382.
Mourning Dove:
Male & Female -- 90th %ile of Monte Carlo analyses distribution from draft EPA ECO-SSL Guidance based on Beyer et al. (1994) model. Table 4.1 in EPA draft ECO-SSL guidance (EPA. 2000. Ecological Soil Screening Level Guidance. DRAFT. Office of Emergency and Remedial Response, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C. 10 July 2000.) http://www.epa.gov/superfund/programs/risk/ecorisk/guidance.pdf
Beyer, W.N., E. Conner, and S. Gerould. 1994. Estimates of soil ingestion by wildlife. J. Wildl. Manage. 58: 375-382.
Male – % Soil ingestion was assumed to be the same as for Wild Turkey in Beyer, W.N., E. Conner, and S. Gerould. 1994. Estimates of soil ingestion by wildlife. J. Wildl. Manage. 58: 375-382.
Female – % Soil ingestion was assumed to be the same as for Wild Turkey in Beyer, W.N., E. Conner, and S. Gerould. 1994. Estimates of soil ingestion by wildlife. J. Wildl. Manage. 58: 375-382.
Short-tailed Shrew:
Male & Female -- 90th %ile of Monte Carlo analyses distribution from draft EPA ECO-SSL Guidance based on Beyer et al. (1994) model. Table 4.1 in EPA draft ECO-SSL guidance (EPA. 2000. Ecological Soil Screening Level Guidance. DRAFT. Office of Emergency and Remedial Response, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C. 10 July 2000.) http://www.epa.gov/superfund/programs/risk/ecorisk/guidance.pdf
Beyer, W.N., E. Conner, and S. Gerould. 1994. Estimates of soil ingestion by wildlife. J. Wildl. Manage. 58: 375-382.
Male – Based on unpublished data of C. Garten as reported in Talmage, S.S., and B.T. Walton. 1993. Food chain transfer and potential renal toxicity to small mammals at a contaminated terrestrial field site. Ecotoxicol. 2: 243-256. (Sylvia Talmage, Pers. Comm.)
Female – Based on unpublished data of C. Garten as reported in Talmage, S.S., and B.T. Walton. 1993. Food chain transfer and potential renal toxicity to small mammals at a contaminated terrestrial field site. Ecotoxicol. 2: 243-256. (Sylvia Talmage, Pers. Comm.)
Long-tailed Weasel:
Male & Female -- 90th %ile of Monte Carlo analyses distribution from draft EPA ECO-SSL Guidance based on Beyer et al. (1994) model. Table 4.1 in EPA draft ECO-SSL guidance (EPA. 2000. Ecological Soil Screening Level Guidance. DRAFT. Office of Emergency and Remedial Response, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C. 10 July 2000.) http://www.epa.gov/superfund/programs/risk/ecorisk/guidance.pdf
Beyer, W.N., E. Conner, and S. Gerould. 1994. Estimates of soil ingestion by wildlife. J. Wildl. Manage. 58: 375-382.
Male – % Soil ingestion was assumed to be the same as for Red Fox in Beyer, W.N., E. Conner, and S. Gerould. 1994. Estimates of soil ingestion by wildlife. J. Wildl. Manage. 58: 375-382.
Female – % Soil ingestion was assumed to be the same as for Red Fox in Beyer, W.N., E. Conner, and S. Gerould. 1994. Estimates of soil ingestion by wildlife. J. Wildl. Manage. 58: 375-382.
American Woodcock:
Male & Female -- 90th %ile of Monte Carlo analyses distribution from draft EPA ECO-SSL Guidance based on Beyer et al. (1994) model. Table 4.1 in EPA draft ECO-SSL guidance (EPA. 2000. Ecological Soil Screening Level Guidance. DRAFT. Office of Emergency and Remedial Response, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C. 10 July 2000.) http://www.epa.gov/superfund/programs/risk/ecorisk/guidance.pdf
Beyer, W.N., E. Conner, and S. Gerould. 1994. Estimates of soil ingestion by wildlife. J. Wildl. Manage. 58: 375-382.
Male – Beyer, W.N., E. Conner, and S. Gerould. 1994. Estimates of soil ingestion by wildlife. J. Wildl. Manage. 58: 375-382.
Female – Beyer, W.N., E. Conner, and S. Gerould. 1994. Estimates of soil ingestion by wildlife. J. Wildl. Manage. 58: 375-382.
Red-tailed Hawk:
Male & Female -- 90th %ile of Monte Carlo analyses distribution from draft EPA ECO-SSL Guidance based on Beyer et al. (1994) model. Table 4.1 in EPA draft ECO-SSL guidance (EPA. 2000. Ecological Soil Screening Level Guidance. DRAFT. Office of Emergency and Remedial Response, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C. 10 July 2000.) http://www.epa.gov/superfund/programs/risk/ecorisk/guidance.pdf
Beyer, W.N., E. Conner, and S. Gerould. 1994. Estimates of soil ingestion by wildlife. J. Wildl. Manage. 58: 375-382.
Male – % Soil ingestion was assumed to be the same as for Red Fox in Beyer, W.N., E. Conner, and S. Gerould. 1994. Estimates of soil ingestion by wildlife. J. Wildl. Manage. 58: 375-382.
Female – % Soil ingestion was assumed to be the same as for Red Fox in Beyer, W.N., E. Conner, and S. Gerould. 1994. Estimates of soil ingestion by wildlife. J. Wildl. Manage. 58: 375-382.
Adherence Factor
A conservative human health value of 1 mg/cm2 (0.000001 kg/cm2) is set as the default for the species provided in SADA.
United States Environmental Protection Agency Region IV. February 11, 1992. New Interim Region IV Guidance Memorandum from Region IV, Atlanta, Georgia.
EPA. 2000. Ecological Soil Screening Level Guidance. DRAFT. Office of Emergency and Remedial Response, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C. 10 July 2000.) http://www.epa.gov/superfund/programs/risk/ecorisk/guidance.pdf
Surface Area (cm2)
Meadow Vole:
Male & Female -- Based on body weight (g) to surface area relationship of SA (cm2) = 12.3 BW 0.65 of Stahl (1967) as reported in EPA. 1993. Wildlife Exposure Factors Handbook. Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C. EPA/600/R-93/187a.
Male – Based on body weight (g) to surface area relationship of SA (cm2) = 12.3 BW 0.65 of Stahl (1967) as reported in EPA. 1993. Wildlife Exposure Factors Handbook. Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C. EPA/600/R-93/187a.
Female – Based on body weight (g) to surface area relationship of SA (cm2) = 12.3 BW 0.65 of Stahl (1967) as reported in EPA. 1993. Wildlife Exposure Factors Handbook. Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C. EPA/600/R-93/187a.
Mourning Dove:
Male & Female -- Based on body weight (g) to surface area relationship of SA (cm2) = 10 BW 0.667 of Walsberg and King 1978 as reported in EPA. 1993. Wildlife Exposure Factors Handbook. Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C. EPA/600/R-93/187a.
Male – Based on body weight (g) to surface area relationship of SA (cm2) = 10 BW 0.667 of Walsberg and King 1978 as reported in EPA. 1993. Wildlife Exposure Factors Handbook. Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C. EPA/600/R-93/187a.
Female – Based on body weight (g) to surface area relationship of SA (cm2) = 10 BW 0.667 of Walsberg and King 1978 as reported in EPA. 1993. Wildlife Exposure Factors Handbook. Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C. EPA/600/R-93/187a.
Short-tailed Shrew:
Male & Female -- Based on body weight (g) to surface area relationship of SA (cm2) = 12.3 BW 0.65 of Stahl (1967) as reported in EPA. 1993. Wildlife Exposure Factors Handbook. Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C. EPA/600/R-93/187a.
Male – Based on body weight (g) to surface area relationship of SA (cm2) = 12.3 BW 0.65 of Stahl (1967) as reported in EPA. 1993. Wildlife Exposure Factors Handbook. Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C. EPA/600/R-93/187a.
Female – Based on body weight (g) to surface area relationship of SA (cm2) = 12.3 BW 0.65 of Stahl (1967) as reported in EPA. 1993. Wildlife Exposure Factors Handbook. Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C. EPA/600/R-93/187a.
Long-tailed Weasel:
Male & Female -- Based on body weight (g) to surface area relationship of SA (cm2) = 12.3 BW 0.65 of Stahl (1967) as reported in EPA. 1993. Wildlife Exposure Factors Handbook. Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C. EPA/600/R-93/187a.
Male – Based on body weight (g) to surface area relationship of SA (cm2) = 12.3 BW 0.65 of Stahl (1967) as reported in EPA. 1993. Wildlife Exposure Factors Handbook. Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C. EPA/600/R-93/187a.
Female – Based on body weight (g) to surface area relationship of SA (cm2) = 12.3 BW 0.65 of Stahl (1967) as reported in EPA. 1993. Wildlife Exposure Factors Handbook. Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C. EPA/600/R-93/187a.
American Woodcock:
Male & Female -- Based on body weight (g) to surface area relationship of SA (cm2) = 10 BW 0.667 of Walsberg and King 1978 as reported in EPA. 1993. Wildlife Exposure Factors Handbook. Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C. EPA/600/R-93/187a.
Male – Based on body weight (g) to surface area relationship of SA (cm2) = 10 BW 0.667 of Walsberg and King 1978 as reported in EPA. 1993. Wildlife Exposure Factors Handbook. Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C. EPA/600/R-93/187a.
Female – Based on body weight (g) to surface area relationship of SA (cm2) = 10 BW 0.667 of Walsberg and King 1978 as reported in EPA. 1993. Wildlife Exposure Factors Handbook. Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C. EPA/600/R-93/187a.
Red-tailed Hawk:
Male & Female -- Based on body weight (g) to surface area relationship of SA (cm2) = 10 BW 0.667 of Walsberg and King 1978 as reported in EPA. 1993. Wildlife Exposure Factors Handbook. Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C. EPA/600/R-93/187a.
Male – Based on body weight (g) to surface area relationship of SA (cm2) = 10 BW 0.667 of Walsberg and King 1978 as reported in EPA. 1993. Wildlife Exposure Factors Handbook. Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C. EPA/600/R-93/187a.
Female – Based on body weight (g) to surface area relationship of SA (cm2) = 10 BW 0.667 of Walsberg and King 1978 as reported in EPA. 1993. Wildlife Exposure Factors Handbook. Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C. EPA/600/R-93/187a.
Inhalation Rate (m3/d)
Meadow Vole:
Male & Female -- Estimated using allometric relationship between body weight and inhalation rate for mammals developed by Stahl (1967) as reported in EPA. 1993. Wildlife Exposure Factors Handbook. Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C. EPA/600/R-93/187a. Result was multiplied by a 3x correction factor applied to account for differences between field and standard metabolic rates.
Male – Estimated using allometric relationship between body weight and inhalation rate for mammals developed by Stahl (1967) as reported in EPA. 1993. Wildlife Exposure Factors Handbook. Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C. EPA/600/R-93/187a. Result was multiplied by a 3x correction factor applied to account for differences between field and standard metabolic rates.
Female – Estimated using allometric relationship between body weight and inhalation rate for mammals developed by Stahl (1967) as reported in EPA. 1993. Wildlife Exposure Factors Handbook. Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C. EPA/600/R-93/187a. Result was multiplied by a 3x correction factor applied to account for differences between field and standard metabolic rates.
Mourning Dove:
Male & Female -- Estimated using allometric relationship between body weight and inhalation rate for nonpasserine birds developed by Lasiewski and Calder (1971) as reported in EPA. 1993. Wildlife Exposure Factors Handbook. Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C. EPA/600/R-93/187a. Result was multiplied by a 3x correction factor applied to account for differences between field and standard metabolic rates.
Male – Estimated using allometric relationship between body weight and inhalation rate for nonpasserine birds developed by Lasiewski and Calder (1971) as reported in EPA. 1993. Wildlife Exposure Factors Handbook. Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C. EPA/600/R-93/187a. Result was multiplied by a 3x correction factor applied to account for differences between field and standard metabolic rates.
Female – Estimated using allometric relationship between body weight and inhalation rate for nonpasserine birds developed by Lasiewski and Calder (1971) as reported in EPA. 1993. Wildlife Exposure Factors Handbook. Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C. EPA/600/R-93/187a. Result was multiplied by a 3x correction factor applied to account for differences between field and standard metabolic rates.
Short-tailed Shrew:
Male & Female -- Estimated using allometric relationship between body weight and inhalation rate for mammals developed by Stahl (1967) as reported in EPA. 1993. Wildlife Exposure Factors Handbook. Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C. EPA/600/R-93/187a. Result was multiplied by a 3x correction factor applied to account for differences between field and standard metabolic rates.
Male – Estimated using allometric relationship between body weight and inhalation rate for mammals developed by Stahl (1967) as reported in EPA. 1993. Wildlife Exposure Factors Handbook. Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C. EPA/600/R-93/187a. Result was multiplied by a 3x correction factor applied to account for differences between field and standard metabolic rates.
Female – Estimated using allometric relationship between body weight and inhalation rate for mammals developed by Stahl (1967) as reported in EPA. 1993. Wildlife Exposure Factors Handbook. Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C. EPA/600/R-93/187a. Result was multiplied by a 3x correction factor applied to account for differences between field and standard metabolic rates.
Long-tailed Weasel:
Male & Female -- Estimated using allometric relationship between body weight and inhalation rate for mammals developed by Stahl (1967) as reported in EPA. 1993. Wildlife Exposure Factors Handbook. Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C. EPA/600/R-93/187a. Result was multiplied by a 3x correction factor applied to account for differences between field and standard metabolic rates.
Male – Estimated using allometric relationship between body weight and inhalation rate for mammals developed by Stahl (1967) as reported in EPA. 1993. Wildlife Exposure Factors Handbook. Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C. EPA/600/R-93/187a. Result was multiplied by a 3x correction factor applied to account for differences between field and standard metabolic rates.
Female – Estimated using allometric relationship between body weight and inhalation rate for mammals developed by Stahl (1967) as reported in EPA. 1993. Wildlife Exposure Factors Handbook. Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C. EPA/600/R-93/187a. Result was multiplied by a 3x correction factor applied to account for differences between field and standard metabolic rates.
American Woodcock:
Male & Female -- Estimated using allometric relationship between body weight and inhalation rate for nonpasserine birds developed by Lasiewski and Calder (1971) as reported in EPA. 1993. Wildlife Exposure Factors Handbook. Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C. EPA/600/R-93/187a. Result was multiplied by a 3x correction factor applied to account for differences between field and standard metabolic rates.
Male – Estimated using allometric relationship between body weight and inhalation rate for nonpasserine birds developed by Lasiewski and Calder (1971) as reported in EPA. 1993. Wildlife Exposure Factors Handbook. Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C. EPA/600/R-93/187a. Result was multiplied by a 3x correction factor applied to account for differences between field and standard metabolic rates.
Female – Estimated using allometric relationship between body weight and inhalation rate for nonpasserine birds developed by Lasiewski and Calder (1971) as reported in EPA. 1993. Wildlife Exposure Factors Handbook. Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C. EPA/600/R-93/187a. Result was multiplied by a 3x correction factor applied to account for differences between field and standard metabolic rates.
Red-tailed Hawk:
Male & Female -- Estimated using allometric relationship between body weight and inhalation rate for nonpasserine birds developed by Lasiewski and Calder (1971) as reported in EPA. 1993. Wildlife Exposure Factors Handbook. Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C. EPA/600/R-93/187a. Result was multiplied by a 3x correction factor applied to account for differences between field and standard metabolic rates.
Male – Estimated using allometric relationship between body weight and inhalation rate for nonpasserine birds developed by Lasiewski and Calder (1971) as reported in EPA. 1993. Wildlife Exposure Factors Handbook. Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C. EPA/600/R-93/187a. Result was multiplied by a 3x correction factor applied to account for differences between field and standard metabolic rates.
Female – Estimated using allometric relationship between body weight and inhalation rate for nonpasserine birds developed by Lasiewski and Calder (1971) as reported in EPA. 1993. Wildlife Exposure Factors Handbook. Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C. EPA/600/R-93/187a. Result was multiplied by a 3x correction factor applied to account for differences between field and standard metabolic rates.
Body Weight (kg)
Meadow Vole:
Male & Female -- Mean for males and females based on Monte Carlo analyses of literature data. Appendix 4-1 Table 2 in EPA draft ECO-SSL guidance (EPA. 2000. Ecological Soil Screening Level Guidance. DRAFT. Office of Emergency and Remedial Response, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C. 10 July 2000.) http://www.epa.gov/superfund/programs/risk/ecorisk/guidance.pdf
Male – Reich, L.M. 1981. Microtus pennsylvanicus. Mammalian Species Account. Amer. Soc. Mammal. Species No. 159. 8 pp.
Female – Reich, L.M. 1981. Microtus pennsylvanicus. Mammalian Species Account. Amer. Soc. Mammal. Species No. 159. 8 pp.
Mourning Dove:
Male & Female -- Mean for males and females based on Monte Carlo analyses of literature data. Appendix 4-1 Table 2 in EPA draft ECO-SSL guidance (EPA. 2000. Ecological Soil Screening Level Guidance. DRAFT. Office of Emergency and Remedial Response, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C. 10 July 2000.) http://www.epa.gov/superfund/programs/risk/ecorisk/guidance.pdf
Male – Dunning, J.B. 1993. CRC Handbook of Avian Body Masses. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
Female – Dunning, J.B. 1993. CRC Handbook of Avian Body Masses. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
Short-tailed Shrew:
Male & Female -- Mean for males and females based on Monte Carlo analyses of literature data. Appendix 4-1 Table 2 in EPA draft ECO-SSL guidance (EPA. 2000. Ecological Soil Screening Level Guidance. DRAFT. Office of Emergency and Remedial Response, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C. 10 July 2000.) http://www.epa.gov/superfund/programs/risk/ecorisk/guidance.pdf
Male – Silva, M., and J.A. Downing. 1995. CRC Handbook of Mammalian Body Masses. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
Female – Silva, M., and J.A. Downing. 1995. CRC Handbook of Mammalian Body Masses. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
Long-tailed Weasel:
Male & Female -- Mean for males and females based on Monte Carlo analyses of literature data. Appendix 4-1 Table 2 in EPA draft ECO-SSL guidance (EPA. 2000. Ecological Soil Screening Level Guidance. DRAFT. Office of Emergency and Remedial Response, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C. 10 July 2000.) http://www.epa.gov/superfund/programs/risk/ecorisk/guidance.pdf
Male – Mumford, R.E., and J.O. Whitaker, Jr. 1982. Mammals of Indiana. Indiana Univ. Press, Bloomington.
Female – Mumford, R.E., and J.O. Whitaker, Jr. 1982. Mammals of Indiana. Indiana Univ. Press, Bloomington.
American Woodcock:
Male & Female -- Mean for males and females based on Monte Carlo analyses of literature data. Appendix 4-1 Table 2 in EPA draft ECO-SSL guidance (EPA. 2000. Ecological Soil Screening Level Guidance. DRAFT. Office of Emergency and Remedial Response, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C. 10 July 2000.) http://www.epa.gov/superfund/programs/risk/ecorisk/guidance.pdf
Male – Keppie, D.M., and R.M. Whiting, Jr. 1994. American Woodcock (Scolopax minor). In The Birds of North America, No. 100. The Birds of North America, Inc., Philadelphia, PA.
Female – Keppie, D.M., and R.M. Whiting, Jr. 1994. American Woodcock (Scolopax minor). In The Birds of North America, No. 100. The Birds of North America, Inc., Philadelphia, PA.
Red-tailed Hawk:
Male & Female -- Mean for males and females based on Monte Carlo analyses of literature data. Appendix 4-1 Table 2 in EPA draft ECO-SSL guidance (EPA. 2000. Ecological Soil Screening Level Guidance. DRAFT. Office of Emergency and Remedial Response, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C. 10 July 2000.) http://www.epa.gov/superfund/programs/risk/ecorisk/guidance.pdf
Male – Preston, C.R., and R.D. Beane. 1993. Red-tailed Hawk (Buteo jamaicensis). In The Birds of North America, No. 52. The Birds of North America, Inc., Philadelphia, PA.
Female – Preston, C.R., and R.D. Beane. 1993. Red-tailed Hawk (Buteo jamaicensis). In The Birds of North America, No. 52. The Birds of North America, Inc., Philadelphia, PA.